Caribbean Trade Law and Development

Tag: CARICOM

  • Caribbean Trade & Development News Digest – January 1-11, 2020

    Caribbean Trade & Development News Digest – January 1-11, 2020

    Happy New Year! Welcome to our first Caribbean Trade & Development News Digest for the year 2020! We trust you all had an enjoyable holiday season! We are happy to bring you the major trade and development headlines and analysis from across the Caribbean Region and the world for the first two weeks of 2020!

    There will be much to watch in trade this year so we look forward to you following the developments with us from week to week.

    HIGHLIGHTS

    The beginning of the year saw US-Iran tensions hit a boiling point. These tensions have simmered somewhat, and oil prices, which rose but not as high as expected, have since lowered in light of the ease in tensions.

    Global growth is set to rise by 2.5% this year, a small increase from 2.4% in 2019, as trade and investment gradually recover. This is according to the World Bank’s semi-annual Global Economic Prospects released January 2020.

    Regionally, on January 1, 2020, Barbados’ Prime Minister the Hon. Mia Amor Mottley took over the chairmanship of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) under that organisation’s rotating chairmanship system. Read more here.

    A three-day CARICOM workshop was held this to discuss World Trade Organization (WTO) issues. It was hosted by the SRC and WTI in Barbados and attended by ambassadors, technocrats and other high-level trade professionals.

    A significant oil discovery has been made offshore another CARICOM Member State. This time, it is Suriname. Read here. Also recall that Guyana is now an oil producing nation.

    REGIONAL NEWS

    Caricom raises external tariffs on pasta, cement

    Newsday TT: CARICOM’s Council for the Trade and Economic Development (COTED) has increased the common external tariff (CET) on pasta and cement for one year. It came into effect on January 1. Read more

    Food, drink labelling to change

    Barbados Today: Makers of packaged food and drink products may be required to have front-of-package nutrition labels by year end, Barbados TODAY has learned. But manufacturers are said to be concerned that having to revamp their labels could come at a major cost with business still slow in a tight economy. Read more

    Two faces of WTO emerge at meeting

    Barbados Today: Even as the world’s major economic powers abandon the global rules-based system in ongoing trade feuds, an international think tank’s advisor has urged officials here and in the region not to give up on the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Read more

    Walcott insists multilateral trade must benefit all

    Barbados Today: Multilateral trade must redound to the benefit of all, regardless of size. Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade, Senator Dr Jerome Walcott, made this declaration at a three-day CARICOM workshop held to discuss World Trade Organization (WTO) issues at the Savannah Beach Hotel, recently. Read more

    Poultry investor halts $7-$8 million investment over WTO uncertainty

    Eyewitness News (Bahamas): A poultry investor said yesterday it has put ‘on hold’ its $7-$8 million investment until the government makes clear its position going forward on the World Trade Organization (WTO). Read more

    Guyana rice exports valued at more than US$200 million

    Jamaica Observer: The Guyana Rice Development Board (GRDB) said it recorded a 20 per cent increase in revenue after exporting more than half a million tonnes of paddy, rice and rice by-products last year. Read more

    CARICOM needs united voice on global issues

    Barbados Advocate: If it has not been done already, the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) states have to devise a strategy for the global political and economic tensions and developments which continue to characterize the world in which we live. Read more

    CARICOM countries need to prepare for fallout of US and Iran situation

    St Lucia News Online: A sug­ges­tion that CARI­COM heads meet as soon as pos­si­ble, and come up with a strat­e­gy to deal with any pos­si­ble fall­out or dan­ger­ous sce­nar­ios, re­sult­ing from the re­cent dé­tente be­tween the Unit­ed States and Iran. Read more

    CARICOM heads chided for lack of sports investment

    Caribbean Life News: Caribbean heads of governments have been accused of not keeping pace with their sportsmen and women because the politicians are failing to provide facilities to support athletes consistent with their worldwide successes. Read more

    Will the EU care about the Caribbean after Brexit?

    The Voice: It’s not just Britain’s attitude towards its former colonies that may change with its geopolitical divorce. Lyndon Mukasa says the European Union’s position is also of growing interest. Read more

    UK expands its presence in Commonwealth countries

    Barbados Advocate: THE United Kingdom’s representation in the Commonwealth countries of the Eastern Caribbean has expanded over the last year. Read more

    Venezuela remains one of Guyana’s biggest rice buyers, despite no PetroCaribe deal

    Demerara Waves: Venezuela is Guyana’s biggest rice market, accounting for 34 percent or 177,682 tonnes of all that grain exported to several Latin American countries the Guyana Rice Development Board (GRDB) said in a statement. Read more

    INTERNATIONAL NEWS

    Oil rises as US-Iran conflict eases, focus turns to trade deal

    CNBC: Oil prices rose slightly on Monday as investors shift their focus away from easing Mideast tensions to this week’s scheduled signing of an initial U.S.-China trade deal which could boost economic growth and demand. Read more

    Brexit: MPs give final backing to Withdrawal Agreement Bill

    BBC: MPs have given their final backing to the bill that will implement the UK government’s Brexit deal. The Commons voted 330 to 231 in favour of the Withdrawal Agreement Bill and it will now pass to the House of Lords for further scrutiny next week. Read more

    Grassley pins blame for USMCA holdup on impeachment

    Politico: Senate Finance Chairman Chuck Grassley on Friday blamed House Speaker Nancy Pelosi for holding up passage of the new North American trade pact after she held off sending the articles of impeachment to the Senate. Read more

    IMO 2020: New Shipping Fuel Requirements Enter Into Force

    Hellenic shipping news: January 1, 2020 marked the implementation of the new sulphur oxide limit for shipping fuel imposed by the International Maritime Organisation under the MARPOL Convention, often referred to as IMO 2020. Read more

    US-China Trade War Seen as Boosting Vietnam Growth

    VoA: Vietnam has been a beneficiary of the China-U.S. trade war, enjoying a boost in services and exports that should drive economic growth to 7% this year, HSBC economist Yun Liu said last week. But she said the country remains vulnerable to economic risks including trade protection and inflation. Read more

    Brexit: EU ‘won’t be rushed’ on trade deal, says Simon Coveney

    BBC: The EU “will not be rushed” on a trade deal with the UK after Brexit, according to Ireland’s deputy PM. Boris Johnson says a deal can be agreed by the end of 2020 and has included a pledge in his Brexit bill not to extend any transition period to secure one. Read more

    Europe, Scotland and Brexit – what next?

    EU Observer: Last month’s UK general election will undoubtedly be remembered for the Conservative Party’s historic victory and the long-awaited clarity on Brexit. Yet the vote was not uniform across the UK. In Scotland, the Scottish National Party (SNP) secured an even more emphatic result, taking 47 of the nation’s 59 Westminster seats. Read more

    Here’s how the WTO can help address plastic pollution

    World Economic Forum: Trade plays a central role in plastic pollution and in the global plastics economy. Amid impressive and multiplying efforts across the globe to address plastic pollution, however, the relevance of trade to the production, consumption and disposal of plastics has been underestimated. Read more

    What to Expect in the January 2020 Session of UNCITRAL Working Group III on ISDS Reform

    IISD: In January 2020, Working Group III (WG III) of UNCITRAL will convene in Vienna to work on possible ISDS reform. Read more

    STRAIGHT FROM THE WTO

    NEW ON THE CTLD BLOG

    The Caribbean Trade & Development Digest is a weekly trade news digest produced and published by the Caribbean Trade Law & Development Blog. Liked this issue? To read past issues, please visit here. To receive these mailings directly to your inbox, please subscribe to our Blog below:

  • Africa-Caribbean cooperation, regional integration and climate change action among priorities of new CARICOM chairman

    Africa-Caribbean cooperation, regional integration and climate change action among priorities of new CARICOM chairman

    Alicia Nicholls

    Within the next six months, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) will seek to jointly host the first ever African Union-CARICOM Summit. This announcement was made again by Barbados’ Prime Minister, the Hon. Mia Amor Mottley, QC, who assumed chairmanship of the 15-member grouping from January 1, 2020 under its six month rotating chairmanship system.

    In her New Year’s Message as incoming chairperson, Prime Minister Mottley intimated that the summit should lay the foundation for tangible progress in  “direct air and sea access across the Atlantic, greater trade in goods and services, and more cultural exchanges between our regions.”

    2019 saw renewed interest in deepening Africa-Caribbean relations, with two African leaders (President Nana Akufo-Addo of Ghana and President Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya) making official state visits to the region. In late 2019, Prime Minister Mottley accepted on behalf of CARICOM an offer of shared office space in Nairobi from the Government of Kenya for the hosting of a joint CARICOM Mission. For many CARICOM countries, such a mission would be their first on the African continent.

    Regional Integration

    Barbados has lead responsibility for the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) under the CARICOM quasi-cabinet. Many regional observers hope that the invigorated leadership provided by Prime Minister Mottley will add much needed energy to the regional integration process, especially in the aftermath of the mirror image provided by the Jamaica-commissioned Golding Report.

    Indeed, there appears to be renewed commitment by Barbados to the CSME under current leadership. Barbados became the first country to ratify the Protocol on Contingent Rights and will also be the first to offer other CARICOM nationals free access to public schools once certain requirements are met.

    Likening the regional integration process to a relay race, Prime Minister Mottley stated that Caribbean leaders “are duty bound to continue this journey across the Community whether as a collective of the whole or in twos and threes”. However, she also sought to temper unrealistic expectations, noting that the much more resource-endowed and longer-established European Union (EU) was still working on perfecting its own regional process.

    The new CARICOM Chairman outlined several priorities with regard to the regional integration process. These are: removing the obstacles to passport-free movement and facilitating movement for work where there are opportunities; advancing the process of a single domestic space for transport and communications in the region by working to provide more affordable and reliable air and sea links between our countries; to establish a single domestic rate for telecommunications and phone calls within CARICOM; and to work with the private sector and the labour movement to provide further opportunities.

    Climate Change Action

    Since taking office as Prime Minister of Barbados, Miss Mottley has made climate change one of her signature issues on the international stage. She noted the need “to pool the funds of the region in order to be able to finance our own development trajectory for sustainable development so that we may adapt to the new realities of the climate crisis”.  

    Prime Minister Mottley took over the chairmanship from St. Lucia Prime Minister, the Hon. Allen Chastanet, whose term was July 1 – December 31, 2019. Barbados’ chairmanship will last until June 30, 2020. The last time Barbados held the chairmanship was in 2015 under then Prime Minister, the Hon. Freundel Stuart.

    The new CARICOM chairman’s speech may be watched here.

    Alicia Nicholls, B.Sc., M.Sc., LL.B., is an international trade and development consultant with a keen interest in sustainable development, international law and trade. You can also read more of her commentaries and follow her on Twitter @LicyLaw.

    DISCLAIMER: All views expressed herein are her personal views and do not necessarily reflect the views of any institution or entity with which she may be affiliated from time to time.

  • Africa-Caribbean relations to deepen with a joint CARICOM diplomatic mission

    Africa-Caribbean relations to deepen with a joint CARICOM diplomatic mission

    Alicia Nicholls

    CARICOM countries will establish a joint diplomatic mission in Kenya – which for many CARICOM governments, like Barbados, will be their first diplomatic mission on the African continent. According to a press release from the Barbados Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) dated December 7, Prime Minister of Barbados, the Hon. Mia Amor Mottley, unveiled a plaque and accepted the space for the joint mission on behalf of the regional grouping.

    The joint mission will be housed in an ultra-modern business complex in the diplomatic district of Nairobi, Kenya, across the road from the United Nations’ main office in Africa.

    During the unveiling, Prime Minister Mottley stated that “this is but only one of many steps we will take in the next few months that will communicate to our people, as well as to those who are watching from outside, that this is not a fly-by-night relationship.”

    She further stated that it is a relationship ” that will be anchored deeply and which is intended to unleash people-to-people communication and cooperation and the trade and investment opportunities such that our nations can prosper by relying on each other, and not simply on those from the North Atlantic.”

    Efforts at deepening Africa-Caribbean relations

    Only a handful of Caribbean countries have a diplomatic presence on the African continent. Additionally, trade between the countries of the Africa continent and the Caribbean is small, with the Caribbean enjoying a trade surplus. According to data from ITC Trade Map, CARICOM countries exported US$449 million worth in goods to Africa in 2017, representing 2.6% of CARICOM’s total exports to the world. Whereas, the region imported US$258 million worth of goods from the continent in that same year. Africa’s exports to CARICOM only represented a mere 0.06% of its total world exports in 2017.

    However, this volume of trade is likely to increase if the current interest in deepening Africa-Caribbean economic relations continues. Earlier this year, Prime Minister Mottley led delegations to Morocco, Ghana and now to Kenya where she is attending the ACP Summit.

    During the visit of President of Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo to Barbados in June this year, Prime Minister Mottley had also announced plans by her Government to soon establish a High Commission to Ghana. In a move to facilitate travel from Africa, the Barbados government has also waived visa requirements for nationals from eight African countries.

    This year as well, President of Ghana, Nana Akufo-Addo visited Barbados and several other Caribbean countries as part of Ghana’s year of remembrance of 400 years since the start of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. President of Kenya, Uhuru Kenyatta, also paid a visit to the region a few weeks later. During their visits, both Presidents took the opportunity to sign cooperative agreements and outline plans to further develop business and other relations between the Caribbean and their respective countries.

    In August 2019, it was announced that CARICOM and the African Union “will shortly sign a Memorandum of Understanding establishing a framework for engagement and cooperation”.

    On that note, there is currently no trade agreement between CARICOM or any African countries. Some individual Caribbean countries have bilateral investment treaties (most of which are not in force) and double taxation agreements with individual African countries.

    Joint mission to be applauded

    The promised CARICOM joint diplomatic mission should be applauded and is a good sign of CARICOM leaders’ intention to meaningfully deepen our ties with the African continent – a continent with which we share strong historical bonds, but still limited commercial ties. A joint mission allows CARICOM countries to pool their scarce financial, human and other resources – similar to what the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) has demonstrated with its joint missions in Geneva and Brussels.

    Need for a trade/business attache

    It is hoped that the staff of the future CARICOM joint mission to Kenya would also include some kind of trade attache or business liaison which would be instrumental in helping to promote Africa-Caribbean trade, investment and tourism.

    According to the press release, Prime Minister Mottley will, when she assumes Chairmanship of CARICOM in January 2020, work with the Kenyan Government and business community to hold the first CARICOM-Africa summit. These are indeed exciting times for Africa-Caribbean relations!

    Alicia Nicholls, B.Sc., M.Sc., LL.B., is an international trade and development consultant with a keen interest in sustainable development, international law and trade. You can also read more of her commentaries and follow her on Twitter @LicyLaw.

    DISCLAIMER: All views expressed herein are her personal views and do not necessarily reflect the views of any institution or entity with which she may be affiliated from time to time.

  • Caribbean Trade & Development News Digest – November 24 – 30, 2019

    Caribbean Trade & Development News Digest – November 24 – 30, 2019

    Welcome to the Caribbean Trade & Development News Digest for the week of November 24-30, 2019! We are happy to bring you the major trade and development headlines and analysis from across the Caribbean Region and the world from the past week.

    THIS WEEK’S HIGHLIGHTS

    At the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body meeting on 22 November, some 117 WTO members have again called for a launch of the process for filling vacancies on the Appellate Body, which is currently at three members and is set to lose 2 other members when their terms end on December 10. If this happens, the WTO AB will no longer have a quorum to hear appeals. Read more here.

    On 27 November the WTO held a conference to mark the 30th anniversary of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). Read more here. The WTO also held its fourth Natural Disasters and Trade symposium on 29 November. Read more here.

    And lastly, it would be remiss of me if I did not say Happy Independence to my country Barbados which celebrated its 53rd year of independence on November 30! Barbados, as you may know, will be co-hosting the UNCTAD XV quadrennial with the United Arab Emirates in October, 2020.

    REGIONAL NEWS

    Government launches Belize’s 1st National Investment Policy and Strategy

    Breaking Belize News: Тhе Gоvеrnmеnt оf Веlіzе (GОВ) thrоugh thе Міnіѕtrу rеѕроnѕіblе fоr Іnvеѕtmеnt, Тrаdе аnd Соmmеrсе, ВЕLТRАІDЕ аnd thе САRІСОМ Dеvеlорmеnt Fund (СDF) wіll lаunсh thе Веlіzе Nаtіоnаl Іnvеѕtmеnt Роlісу аnd Ѕtrаtеgу (NІРЅ) оn Моndау, Dесеmbеr 2, 2019, аt 10 аm аt thе Веѕt Wеѕtеrn Віltmоrе Рlаzа іn Веlіzе Сіtу. Read more

    Why the WTO Appellate Body Crisis Matters to the Caribbean

    CARICOM Today: The Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) – the final court charged with hearing appeals on points of law at the WTO – faces an existential crisis. On 10 December 2019, the terms of two of its remaining three members – the quorum needed to adjudicate an appeal – will expire. Read more

    Guyana commits to direct flights from C’bean to Africa

    News Room: The Governments of Guyana and Ghana Friday morning signed an Air Services Agreement, paving the way for direct flights between the two countries. Read more

    Barbados ‘ready for Brexit EPA’, says Husbands

    Barbados Today: Barbados is ready to take full advantage of an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with post-Brexit Britain, Minister of Foreign Trade Sandra Husbands has declared. Read more

    Barbados, Ghana explore business opportunities

    Joy Online: Trade and investment relations between Ghana and Barbados has received a further boost with the signing of a partnership agreement between an indigenous Ghanaian firm and its counterpart from Barbados. Read more

    Ghana: Govt Completes Recruitment of 120 Nurses for Barbados

    AllAfrica: The Ministry of Health (MOH) has completed the recruitment processes to send the first batch of 120 qualified nurses to work in the Caribbean nation of Barbados. Read more

    Bridgetown and Tema sign agreement establishing sister-port

    Joy Online: Ghana and Barbados on Friday, November 15, 2019, signed an agreement establishing a sister-port relationship between the two cities to facilitate the expansion of trade between the two countries, especially trade transiting through Barbados from Ghana and onward to other Caribbean and Latin America destination ports. Read more

    Ghana, Barbados sign agreement to boost e-commerce

    Ghanaweb: In its quest to facilitate the expansion of trade and investment between Ghana and Barbados, an indigenous Ghanaian firm and its counterpart from Barbados have signed a partnership agreement to boost e-commerce within the two countries. Read more

    US Envoy Says Jamaica Ready For Greater Investment Flow From The North; Hails Improvements In Local Economy

    Jamaica Gleaner: The United States envoy in Jamaica says the prospects for greater investments by his country on the island have never been better, pointing to major improvements in the local economy and efforts by the government to make it easier to do business. Read more

    Jamaica Re-Elected To Powerful Category C Of IMO Council

    Jamaica Gleaner: Jamaica was re-elected to Category C of the Council of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), confirming the island’s position at the centre of international maritime legislature. Read more

    Exclusive: Caribbean officials linked to diplomatic passport sale

    Al Jazeera: Politicians in the Caribbean are said to be involved in a corrupt trade of diplomatic posts in exchange for money, an Al Jazeera investigation has revealed. Read more

    COTED decision a lifeline for CARICOM sugar

    Jamaica Observer: Directors of the Sugar Association of the Caribbean (SAC) are due to meet in early December to reflect on the 49th Meeting of The Council for Trade and Economic Development (COTED) outcomes, which agreed to the incremental enforcement of tariffs on imported white sugar as and when the region produces it. Read more

    No 40% CARICOM tariff on white sugar until regional producers can supply – Dookhoo

    Stabroek: The Council for Trade and Eco-nomic Development (COTED) of CARICOM will not erect a 40% common external tariff (CET) against extra-regional white sugar until regional producers are able to supply the quantity and quality needed by regional manufacturers for their food and beverages operations. Read more

    INTERNATIONAL NEWS

    Top Japan negotiator says it is not considering signing RCEP trade pact without India

    Strait Times: Japan is not considering signing a regional trade pact without India at this juncture, the top Japanese negotiator said on Friday (Nov 29), ahead of a series of diplomatic exchanges in the coming weeks that include a visit to Delhi by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. Read more

    China small manufacturers’ rising exports to Africa help offset plunging sales to US amid trade war

    South China Morning Post: Growing optimism is spreading among some small Chinese manufacturers in sectors ranging from car parts to textiles, as a spike in exports to countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative is starting to offset a portion of lost demand from the United States due to the trade war. Read more

    General election 2019: Second Brexit referendum will be needed unless a majority is won, report says

    iNews: The Conservatives have said a second referendum is off the table, but academics believe it’s their only option unless they win a majority. Read more

    With the WTO Appellate Body Becoming Dysfunctional on December 11, What Happens to Pending Appeals and Other Open Issues?

    WITA: There was another WTO Dispute Settlement Body (“DSB”) meeting on November 22, 2019. In addition to the normal agenda item of receiving reports and comments by other members on the status of implementation of recommendations on disputes where reports had previously been adopted by the DSB, there were a number of other agenda items, one of which was not addressed. Read more

    Japan indicates efforts on to address India’s concerns over RCEP

    Economic Times: Japan on Sunday gave clear indications that efforts were on to make India join the ambitious Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), saying all member countries of the grouping were committed to address New Delhi’s concerns. Read more

    Rwanda’s port – creating a hub for Intra-African trade

    Euronews: One of the largest dry ports (30 hectares) in-land in Africa is working towards a different kind of management system to create a faster and more efficient process for its customers. It means landlocked countries will be free from market-barriers. Read more

    ITFC seeks to boost Arab-Africa trade

    GTR: The International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (ITFC) has committed to a credit facility agreement worth US$100mn with the African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank). Read more

    New move to boost trade between Ireland and Africa

    Irish Times: Plans are afoot to increase the value of two-way trade between the Republic of Ireland and Africa to at least €5 billion by 2025. Read more

    AfCFTA: Boosting intra-regional trade in goods and services

    Business Report: According to new research from Baker McKenzie and Oxford Economics – AfCFTA’s $3 trillion (R44.18trln) Opportunity: Weighing Existing Barriers against Potential Economic Gains – many opportunities for increasing intraregional trade exist in Africa, in goods and services. Read more

    Morocco, Turkey Launch Negotiations to Save Free Trade Agreement

    Morocco World News: Turkey and Morocco appear to have launched negotiations to maintain their in-question Free Trade Agreement with the aim of “rebalancing” trade terms and satisfying both parties. Read more

    South Korea’s export decline suggests no easing up on world trade slump yet

    Business Times: South Korea’s exports, a closely watched bellwether for world trade, fell more than expected in November, dealing a blow to nascent optimism that a prolonged slump in global demand may be bottoming out. Read more

    Japanese and South Korean trade officials to hold export control talks in December

    The Japan Times: Senior trade officials from Japan and South Korea will meet next month to discuss Tokyo’s tightened controls on tech-related exports to its neighbor, trade minister Hiroshi Kajiyama said Friday. Read more

    USMCA: Ratification is getting there but ‘difficult issues’ remain

    Financial Post: The push to ratify a new North American trade pact is “getting there” Mexico’s top negotiator says, though some “difficult issues” remain as U.S. Democrats continue to insist on stronger labour enforcement. Read more

    U.S., Canada, Mexico Meet to Push for Final Agreement on USMCA

    Bloomberg: The White House pushed Wednesday to wrap final negotiations with Democrats on President Donald Trump’s top legislative priority, the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, in meetings with top Mexican and Canadian officials. Read more

    Lower trade barriers helped faster economic and wage growth in Latin America, IDB report

    Mercopress: Latin America and Caribbean region saw faster economic and wage growth thanks to a lowering of trade barriers, a new report by the Inter-American Development Bank shows. The study also provides policy recommendations to ensure the region is better positioned to take advantage of trade liberalization and make its benefits more tangible to citizens. Read more

    Making EU trade deals work for citizens

    EUObserver: As global trade disputes increase, protectionism is on the rise, and climate protection becomes a mainstream political objective, trade is becoming an increasingly political topic. Read more

    STRAIGHT FROM THE WTO

    NEW ON THE CTLD BLOG

    The Caribbean Trade & Development Digest is a weekly trade news digest produced and published by the Caribbean Trade Law & Development Blog. Liked this issue? To read past issues, please visit here. To receive these mailings directly to your inbox, please subscribe to our Blog below: