Alicia Nicholls
As 2024 draws to a close and we prepare to welcome 2025 in another week or so, it is time yet again to reflect on the defining trade policy developments that shaped these past twelve months. This year unfolded against a backdrop of persistent geopolitical tensions, an escalating climate crisis, and economic uncertainty. Yet, amidst these challenges, we also witnessed a resurgence in global trade growth, some landmark trade agreements, and other notable developments, including right here in the Caribbean.
Here are my picks for the top five trade stories that left their mark in 2024.
1. Global Trade Hits Record High Amid Uncertain Outlook
According to UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in its latest Global Trade Update, global trade will surge to an unprecedented $33 trillion in 2024, surpassing its 2022 record, and growing by 3.3% over 2023 levels. This impressive growth was driven by a robust 7% expansion in services trade, offsetting the more modest 2% growth in merchandise trade, which remains below its 2022 peak. However, the growth pattern was uneven, with developed regions taking the lead in the third quarter.
While UNCTAD predicts a positive start to 2025, it notes that potential escalation in trade wars, geopolitical instability, and the increasing adoption of industrial policies by major economies add layers of uncertainty.
The World Trade Organization’s (WTO) latest G20 Trade Measures report highlights a notable uptick in trade restrictions and the proliferation of climate-focused support measures by G20 countries, underscoring the complex relationship between protectionism and sustainability.
2. Barbados Hosts Inaugural Global Supply Chain Forum
In May, Barbados made history by co-hosting the first-ever Global Supply Chain Forum with UNCTAD. This groundbreaking event convened global leaders, experts, and stakeholders to tackle the critical issues of sustainable and resilient transport and logistics in Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
The Forum culminated in the adoption of the Barbados Ministerial Declaration, a pivotal contribution to the Fourth International Conference on SIDS (SIDS 4) held in Antigua & Barbuda shortly thereafter. As an attendee of both events, I would like to once again extend kudos to the organisers on two very well organised events which exemplified the Caribbean region’s role in contributing to global discussion and action on key trade and development issues.
3. WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Secures Second Term
In November, World Trade Organization (WTO) Director-General Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala was appointed by the General Council via consensus to a second four-year term starting September 1, 2025. Her leadership comes at a critical juncture, with the WTO navigating legacy reforms and heightened trade tensions. Dr. Okonjo-Iweala’s four-year vision encompasses a WTO that delivers results, modernises to remain relevant, and capitalises on emerging trade opportunities. Her agenda includes finalising agreements on the outstanding agenda of the fisheries subsidies agreement (Fish 2) and Investment Facilitation for Development and preparing for the 14th Ministerial Conference (MC14) in Cameroon in 2026.
4. Landmark Trade Agreements and Ongoing Negotiations
This year saw several landmark trade agreements. The European Union and four Mercosur countries (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay) finalized a historic deal after 25 years of negotiations. This agreement promises to deepen economic cooperation and includes provisions addressing deforestation concerns, a contentious point during talks.
In November, Costa Rica, Iceland, New Zealand, and Switzerland signed the Agreement on Climate Change, Trade, and Sustainability, setting a precedent for integrating climate and sustainability goals into trade agreements. Meanwhile, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) launched its operationalization phase with five key instruments adopted, marking a significant leap for intra-African trade.
Closer to home, Trinidad & Tobago and Curaçao advanced negotiations on a partial scope agreement, expected to conclude in 2025.
5. Donald Trump’s Re-election and Its Trade Implications
Campaigning on promises of reshoring manufacturing and imposing hefty tariffs, incoming US President Donald Trump’s second term is poised to once again reshape U.S. trade dynamics. He has already threatened more tariffs on China, as well as tariffs on its US-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) free trade agreement partners: Canada and Mexico. Increased US tariffs on imports from its major trading partners, and retaliatory tariffs by these trading partners could signal potential disruption to the global trade landscape.
Trade analysts are bracing for ripple effects, including retaliatory measures and a potential pivot toward greater unilateralism. The implications for the multilateral trading system and global economic stability will undoubtedly be profound, making this a development to watch in the coming months.
Looking Ahead
At the CTLD Blog, we remain committed to delivering insights on the evolving trade landscape. As we bid farewell to 2024, I extend my heartfelt gratitude for your readership and engagement throughout the year. Here’s wishing you and your families a joyful holiday season and a prosperous 2025. Stay tuned as we continue to unpack the stories shaping global trade in 2025!
Alicia Nicholls, B.Sc., M.Sc., LL.B. is an international trade and development specialist and the founder of the Caribbean Trade Law and Development Blog: www.caribbeantradelaw.com.
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